DAISY Reading Apps User Requirements
Working Draft
19 May 2025
Editors:
Document History
Copyright © 2025 DAISY Consortium
Working Draft
19 May 2025
Editors:
Document History
Copyright © 2025 DAISY Consortium
This document is the main output of the DAISY project to develop user requirements for reading apps. The project draws on the collective expertise and experiences of DAISY Consortium members and friends to express user requirements of individuals with diverse print disabilities for reading digital publications.
This unique document is intended to inform developers and purchasers of specialized reading systems and provide inspiration for mainstream reading solutions.
The user stories referenced in this document were developed by the working group.
User story: Oxana, Ruth, Alex, Stefan, Javier
The user should be able to change the typeface of all text, choosing from a range including sans serif and serif fonts. Individuals with low vision or dyslexia often have specific preferences for font styles that optimize their reading experience. Typefaces with preferred letter shapes can aid in visual processing, improve comprehension and reduce cognitive load.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: visual-010 : Change font, Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: font face
Visual readability of text requires good visual contrast. Visual contrast is a product of the text characteristics, such as font weight (thickness, font stroke width) and font size, the lightness/darkness difference of the colors used for the text and the background, and other factors. For some people, bold text is easier to read which is why they should be have bold font options. Many typefaces have a bold font and some offer variable weight.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: WCAG Accessibility Guidelines 3.0 - Draft version: visual contrast of text, Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: text style
Some people need to increase the size of text in order to read it. Although increasing size is most common, some people with tunnel vision and good visual acuity may prefer to decrease the size so they can see more text at a time.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: visual-010 : Change font size, Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: font size, The effect of print size on reading speed in dyslexia. Journal of Research in Reading
For some people, it is difficult to read text that is italicized, underlined or bold. Users should have the option to view the text without these visual formatting styles. However, underlining should be retained for hyperlinks. While removing formatting may result in the loss of some semantic significance, users should be able to toggle back to the visually formatted version as needed.
Priority: Should-have
Sources: Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: text style
Text written in all capital letters or all small capital letters is more difficult to read for most people, with and without disabilities. Users should have the option to choose a sentence-style version. Acronyms that are correctly marked as abbreviations will remain in uppercase; otherwise, they will be converted to sentence style. Users should also be able to toggle between the different styles as needed.
Priority: Could-have
Sources: Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: capitalization
The amount of line spacing (leading), word spacing (space between words) and letter spacing (space between letters/characters) impacts readability. Some people need more space to read text and will have individual preferences. Line spacing also helps with tracking.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: line spacing, Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia.
Justification impacts readability and tracking. Fully justified text creates uneven spaces between words and letters, leading to “rivers of white space” that disrupt reading flow and visual tracking, particularly for people with dyslexia. Users with low vision who rely on screen magnifiers may encounter exaggerated gaps or overlapping characters in justified text, making it harder to read. Center-aligned text is also problematic for multi-line blocks, as it disrupts smooth reading flow and makes it harder to find the beginning of lines. Depending on the reading order of the language concerned (left to right, or right to left) turning the justification or center-alignment off results in a left-aligned or right-aligned text.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: justification/alignment
Having wide margins results in shorter line lengths. This can be helpful for some people with specific learning disabilities. Having wide margins around blocks of text helps some people focus on the text and not get distracted by other content.
Conversely, wide margins can make line length too short for people who use large text.
User story: Oxana
Priority: Must-have
Sources: Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: margins and borders, Shorter Lines Facilitate Reading in Those Who Struggle
For reflowable content, if the reader offers a paginated view, then the user should also be able to vie it in a scrollabe view.
Priority: Must-have
User story: Ruth
Priority: Could-have
There are many ways this can be done. Here are some implementation examples: […]
User story: Alex
Priority: Should-have
Source: ReadAloud-610 : Text is emphasised as it is spoken by read aloud
The user should be able to select an image and make it larger. There should be controls to adjust the size and to pan around an image when it no longer fits within the display.
A custom color theme used for viewing the text can sometimes render parts of the image difficult to see. There could be the option in the image viewer to revert to the default color mode, or to choose different color themes.
Priority: Must-have
Source: visual-710 : Enlarge SVG Images
Math expressions included as MathML (or LaTeX, if supported) should be displayed correctly. As the user adjusts the size and colors of the text content, the math expressions should change accordingly. As the text size is increased, so should the math expressions in proportion. As the user changes the colors for the text content, this should also affect the math expressions.
Priority: Must-have
Source: visual-550 : Viewing MathML
Math expressions often contain small symbols such as exponents, indices, dot notations and derivatives. It should be possible for the user to view a math expression as a separate item and enlarge it.
Priority: Should-have
Certain parts of math expressions are sometimes presented in special colors, e.g. superscript in red. For some people this can present problems. The user could be able to remove the color formatting used in math expressions so the chosen text color is always used.
Priority: Could-have
The user should be able to set the background and text color from the full color spectrum.
Some people need high contrast between text and background, including many older people who lose contrast sensitivity from ageing. Some read better with dark text on light background. Others find it easier to read with low contrast and colors that present less glare.
For some people, common color combinations or colors from a limited color palette work fine, for example, black text on white background or the inverse with white text on black background. For instance, black text on a white background is specifically useful for people with dyslexia. Other people need to select more specific background and text colors. For example, people who need low brightness overall, need to select the specific background and text colors that provide sufficient contrast for them yet not too high brightness. Readable and optimal color combinations differs vastly among individuals and can even vary for one individual depending on conditions such as fatigue and lighting.
Priority: [Must-have for a limited color palette; Should-have for more specific background and text colors]
Sources: visual-110 : Change background and foreground color, Accessibility Requirements for People with Low Vision: text contrast
Some people use high contrast modes on their device because it increases readability by maximizing the difference between text and background. Some people use the magnification feature of the operating system, or third party tools, to increase the size of text and images on the display.
Users must be able to use these features with the reading app. The app should respect the high contrast settings chosen by the user.
User story: Stefan
Priority: Must-have
Source: visual-310 : Apply high contrast system configuration
Some individuals with low vision or dyslexia may have photophobia or light sensitivity. The ability to dim the screen can make reading more comfortable for these users. For some people with age-related macular degeneration, brighter illumination has been shown to improve reading acuity, critical print size, and maximum reading speed. Adjusting brightness can enhance the contrast between text and background, making it easier for individuals with low vision to distinguish letters and words.
The user must be able to adjust the display brightness when using the reading app. If this is not possible on the device or the operating system, it must be possible in the reading app itself.
If it is possible to adjust the display brightness on the device or in the operating system, it could be possible in the reading app itself.
Priority: Must-have
visual-210 : Change brightness, Legge G. E. (2016). Reading Digital with Low Vision. Visible language, 50(2), 102–125. (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5726769/)
Priority: Must-have
Source: EPUBTest file-210 Open content
For content with text it must be possible to move forward and backward from the currently displayed screen.
For content with audio it must be possible to move forward and backward using time-based navigation.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: EPUBTest nav-210 Navigate forward and backward through reflowed content, EPUBTest nav-510 Move across chapters without using TOC, EPUBTest reading-1210 : Navigate the content by headings, EPUBTest nav-110 Navigate content by pages
The focus must be on the entry for the current reading position when the user is presented with the table of contents. If the publication’s table of content comprises a hierachy of entries (eg volumes, chapters, subsections) then it must be presented as a tree view, nested list view or any other view that conveys the structure to the user. The user must have a mechanism to move between items in the table of contents of the same level (eg between the chapters without having to go via the subsections).
Page numbers or percentage information could be provided in the table of contents. The user could be able to search within the table of contents.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: EPUBTest nav-010 Navigate to chapters through the Table of Contents, EPUBTest nav-005 The table of contents in the app presents the content hierarchy
When the publication includes page markup then it must be possible to navigate by page numbers. If the publication does not include page markup it could be possible to navigate by ‘pseudo pages’ (where the app uses an algorithm to approximate navigation points equivalent to typical page lengths).
Priority: Must-have
Sources: EPUBTest nav-010 Navigate to chapters through the Table of Contents, EPUBTest nav-005 The table of contents in the app presents the content hierarchy
When reading audio-based content it must be possible to go to a specific location. This could be based on time, percentage, or another approach.
Priority: Must-have
User story: Maria
Priority: Must-have
Sources: EPUBTest reading-810 : Move to the next block item, EPUBTest reading-1110 : Navigate by lines, EPUBTest reading-1010 : Navigate by words, EPUBTest reading-910 : Navigate by characters
Priority: Must
Sources: reading-010 : Initiate “read from here”, “reading-110 : Stop and resume reading at the same reading location”
When reading text-based content it must be possible to return to the approximate location (such as the same page or screen of text). It could be possible to return to the exact last location.
When reading audio-based content it must be possible to return to the exact last location.
Priority: Must-have
The user must be able to get information about their current position in the book without losing their reading position. The minimum information expected is the percentage progress.
The user should be able to determine the current chapter, section, current page number where this information is provided in the publication.
Priority: Must-have
Source: nav-310 Read navigation information
In this requirements document the term “read aloud” refers to the app using Text To Speech (TTS) to provide an audio option for text-based content.
The user must be able to use a TTS read aloud feature for text-based content. If the publication also has synchronised audio with the text then the user must be able to choose the alternative of listening to the TTS read aloud.
Priority: Must-have
Source: ReadAloud-010 : The content can be read aloud
The user should be able to choose the position from where the read aloud begins.
If a screen reader is being used then the read aloud should start from the screen reader position.
If a screen reader is not being used then:
Priority: Must-have
The user should be able to select text (e.g. word, phrase, sentence, paragraph) and have that read aloud.
Priority: Must-have
The read aloud must be able to read continuously until the end of the publication unless interupted by the user.
The read aloud could support a sleep function, pausing the read aloud after a user determined period of time.
Priority: Must-have
The user could be able to set the mode so that read aloud is not continuous. The amount read should be chosen by the user (eg read aloud stop after each word, sentence, paragraph, page or chapter).
Priority: Could-have
Priority: Must-have
Source: reading-210 : All text should be read in the proper order, ReadAloud-310 : All text should be read in the proper order
The read aloud must use appropriate pauses after headings, list items etc., rather than reading as if it is one continuous section of text. The read aloud implementation should pay attention to commonly used text content such as numbered heading and lists.
Priority: Must-have
Source: EPUBTest reading-510 : TTS allows pause for indicating headings, paragraphs, list items, etc, ReadAloud-510 : Text to Speech handles punctuation and document structure appropriately
The user could be able to adjust the pauses between sentences, paragraphs, etc.
Priority: Could-have
The user must be able to see the text that is being read aloud, and the display must automatically update to keep the spoken text in view. The techniques for changing the text in display might include scrolling the text to keep the text being read in the centre of the display, or displaying a new screen of text and starting again at the top. Note that users may be reading with large text, so additional care should be taken to consider that the complete text of the first and last sentence may not be in view. The user should be able to see the text being read. If starting from the top of the display then the read aloud should start from the first visble text in view (that is, should not read text that is not visible). The display should promptly update to always show the text being read, even if this is partway through a sentence at the bottom of the display.
The user could have the ability to move to a different part of the text whilst the read aloud continues. If viewing a different part of the text the user should be able to initiate the read aloud from a part of the text they select.
The user could have the option to use read aloud without the text displayed.
Priority: Must-have
The user must be able to visually emphasize the text as it is read aloud using a contrasting highlight, underlining, or other means. Some users will be hindered by this visual cue, e.g. due to health concerns such as epilepsy. Overly granular, like word-by-word highlighting could also be distracting.
The user must be able to to turn off the read aloud visual emphasis.
Priority: Must-have
Source: ReadAloud-610 : Text is emphasised as it is spoken by read aloud
The user must be able to adjust the visual emphasis.
The user could be able to adjust the number of words that are highlighted at any time.
Must-have
Source: ReadAloud-610 : Text is emphasised as it is spoken by read aloud
The user must be able to hear the read aloud using the correct voice when reading content with language tags (if available to the reading app). The user should be able to override language switching and select the language to be used for all content.
The read aloud could switch between dialects of the same language. If this feature is supported the user must be able to disable it.
Priority: Must-have
Source: reading-1510 : TTS Change Languages Automatically
User Story: Louis
The user must be able to choose the speed of the read aloud voice. The reading app must not distort the pitch when the user has selected higher listening speeds.
The reading app could provide an audio preview to assist the user in selection.
Priority: Must-have
The user must be able to select from a range of voices.
Consideration should made of how the voice options are presented (by region or language, online/offline, etc). The reading app could provide an audio preview to assist the user in their selection.
Priority: Must-have
Source: ReadAloud-400 : Change Read Aloud reading voice
The read aloud feature must be able to announce the alt text of images.
The user must be able to turn off the read aloud of image alt text. The user should be able to escape from the image alt text once the read aloud has started.
The image alt text could be distinguished from text content with an announcement, use of different voice, or other technique.
Priority: Must-have
The user could be able to adjust the pitch or style for emphasized text (eg bold, italic, underlined). If this feature is supported the user must be able to disable it.
Priority: Could-have
The read aloud feature must be able to announce encoded math content (eg MathML).
The user should be able to adjust the announcement of math content according to their preference (eg relative reading speed, reading style, verbosity).
Priority: Must-have
On a mobile device the user must be lock the device without the read aloud stopping. The user must be able to listen and control read aloud (pause, resume, go back and forward) from the lock screen, to the extent this is supported on the platform. The display could show relevant information such as the current position in the title.
Editor’s note - this probably also applies to audio playback.
Priority: Must-have
If supported on the device and platform the user must be able to control read-aloud playback using the device’s media controls, such including play, pause, skip forward, skip backward, and stop functions on a keyboard or headset.
Priority: Must-have
The read aloud must read the table contents from left to right and top to bottom. The read aloud could indicate the start of the table though an announcement or other notification.
Priority level: Must-have.
Expanded content must be read aloud. Collapsed content must not be read aloud.
Priority level: Must-have.
The user must be able to control the read aloud so they can escape from reading all the way through escapable items and to continue read aloud from the item following the table.
The escapable items are defined by each format specification.
Priority level: Must-have.
Source: https://github.com/readium/guided-navigation/blob/main/roles.md#list-of-escapable-roles
The user must be able to configure their reading app so that it does not announce skipable elements.
The user preference for skipping non-core content could be set on a per-title basis.
The skippable items are defined by each format specification.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: https://daisy.org/activities/standards/daisy/daisy-2/daisy-2-02-skippable-structures-recommendation/#intro_1, https://github.com/readium/guided-navigation/blob/main/roles.md#list-of-skippable-roles
The user must be able to navigate and interact with all elements of the app—including menus, dialogs, buttons, and content—using assistive technologies. All interactive components shall provide appropriate semantic labels and roles to support accessibility standards such as WCAG 2.1 and ARIA guidelines.
Priority: Must-have
The application must allow users to read publication content using a screen reader. The rendered content must expose the accessibility semantics to the screen reader. Thus headings, lists, tables, images and other semantic elements must be exposed to the screen reader so that it can be interpreted by the screen reader. Furthermore, semantics of links need to be exposed, such as bibliographic or footnote, should be exposed to the screen reader.
Priority: Must-have
The user must be able to use a scrolling (rather than a paginated mode) to enable the use of screen reader features such as navigating to next/previous heading, landmark, graphic, etc.
Priority: Must-have
In addition to the table of contents and other navigation provided by the content creator, the user could use additional navigation features offered by the reading app that will be especially beneficial to print disabled readers. For example, the app could provide navigation by heading, between landmarks, tables, images and mathematics expressions, irrespective of whether they are in the same content document.
Priority: Could-have
When navigating to another place in the content (for example when using the table of contents, reading a footnote or following an internal hyperlink) the screen reader user must be able to read from the new navigation position.
Priority: Must-have
Screen reader users must be able to activate actionable content (such as links, buttons, expandable elements).
Priority: Must-have
After navigating to a different part of the content (perhaps by following a footnote, internal hyperlink, referring to a glossary entry or going to a different page) the user must be able to return back to their previous reading position.
Priority: Must-have
Source: reading-710 : Navigate between internal hyperlinks
Screen user readers must be able to get information about their current position in the content (such as section, page number) without losing their reading position.
Priority: Must-have
Users must be able to detect the reference to a footnote, reach the content of the footnote, read the content of the footnote and provide a mechanism to move back to the original reading position from the footnote.
Priority: Must-have
Source: reading-420 : Footnote Reading
Sources: EPUBTest anno-010 : Add a Bookmark or Highlight, EPUBTest anno-110 : Review and navigate Bookmarks or Highlights
Sources: EPUBTest anno-210 : Add a note, EPUBTest anno-310 : Review and navigate Notes
Notes may contain either plain text or audio. [How about Math and Chemistry?] Notes must be anchored to at least a text range within a paragraph. The element to which the note is attached, must be highlighted. Notes can be inserted at any position within the running text.
Priority: Must-have
Sources: EPUBTest anno-210 : Add a note, EPUBTest anno-310 : Review and navigate Notes
Supported formatting includes bold, italic, and underline.
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Should-have
For a more focused experience
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Should-have
Notes must be synchronized once the device is online.
Priority: Must-have
Priority: Must-have
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Could-have
Text, possibly audio, no MathML in text fields
Priority: Must-have
Supported types: Single-line text field, Multi-line text field, Radio buttons, Checkboxes, Dropdown menus
Priority: Must-have
Formatting options: bold, italic, underline
Priority: Should-have
These must support the same input types, be accessible via screen reader navigation, and be included in exports.
Priority: Should-have
Answers must sync once the device is online.
Priority: Must-have
Priority: Must-have
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Must-have
Priority: Should-have
Priority: Could-have
To include switching between embedded audio and read aloud.
To include:
This project would not have been possible without the contributions of the DAISY members and Friends who participated in the project. Their valuable insights, expertise, and experiences have been instrumental in ensuring that the requirments capture a broad range of user needs.
This work is financially supported by Dedicon.
The EPUB test: Latest test books has many well-established fundamental accessibility tests which were extracted and adapted for this document. The titles are: