# Cuneiform Transliteration and Normalization with Compact Diacritics # #-index-name: Cuneiform, transliterated, compact #-display-name: Transliterated Cuneiform braille with compact diacritics # #+language: akk-Latn #+language: arc-Latn #+language: cop-Latn #+language: elx-Latn #+language: hbo-Latn #+language: hit-Latn #+language: jpa-Latn #+language: oar-Latn #+language: obm-Latn #+language: syc-Latn #+language: syr-Latn #+language: sux-Latn #+language: uga-Latn #+language: xeb-Latn #+language: xhu-Latn #+language: xur-Latn #+type: literary #+contraction: no #+dots: 6 #+variant: compact # Copyright (C) 2025, Eric J. Harvey #-license: lgpl-2.1 # This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or # modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public # License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either # version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. # This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU # Lesser General Public License for more details. # You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public # License along with this file; if not, write to the Free Software # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA # liblouis comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. # This table provides braille translation for the cuneiform languages # of ancient Mesopotamia, when represented in Latin characters. # This includes both transliteration and normalization (also referred # to as transcription). # This table uses compact definitions for diacritic marks developed # specifically for transliteration by the team named below. For a # transliteration table that uses diacritic marks as defined in # Unified English Braille, see cuneiform-transliterated.utb. # Currently, it supports text in Sumerian, Akkadian (i.e., Babylonian # and Assyrian), and Hittite. It also supports the alphabetic script # of Ugaritic. Beyond cuneiform, the table provides support for other # ancient languages in transliteration, including Aramaic, Hebrew, # Northwest Semitic dialects, Syriac, and Coptic. # # For information on the braille code, see: # https://www.duxburysystems.com/documentation/dbt12.5/languages/semitic_tbl.htm # For typographical conventions relating to transliteration and # normalization in inkprint, see the following: # Definitive guidance for all languages is found in: # The SBL Handbook of Style, 2nd ed. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. 2014. # Online source for Sumerian: # https://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=sumerian:transliteration_and_the_diacritics # For Sumerian, Akkadian, and Hittite: # https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/doc/help/languages/akkadian/akkadianstylesheet/index.html # For Hebrew: # https://www.viceregency.com/Translit.htm # https://www.alittlehebrew.com/transliterate/ # This table is based on a code created by a team of scholars # working together, including Ray McAllister, Eric Harvey, # Sarah Blake-LaRose, and Matthew Yeater, in collaboration with # David Holladay and Caryn Navy. #-author: Eric J. Harvey <eric@blindscholar.com> #-maintainer: Eric J. Harvey <eric@blindscholar.com> # Spaces noback space \t 0-0-0 tab space \x001b 1b escape character for html back-translation space \x00A0 a NO-BREAK SPACE <noBreak> 0020 NON-BREAKING SPACE noback correct "\x200b" "\s" include text_nabcc.dis include spaces.uti # Capitalization and Numeral signs capsletter 46 begcapsword 46-6 endcapsword 6-3 numsign 3456 # Basic Latin Characters include latinLetterDef6Dots.uti include latinUppercaseComp6.uti ## characters used in Ancient Near Eastern Transcriptions # Right half ring and glottal stops letter \x02BE 56-26 ʾ noback letter \x0294 56-26 ʔ noback letter \x02C0 56-26 ˀ noback lowercase \x0242 56-26 ɂ base uppercase \x0241 \x0242 Ɂ ɂ #Combining hook above (Ugaritic vocalic alephs) lowercase \x1EA3 1256-1 ả lowercase \x1EC9 1256-24 ỉ lowercase \x1EE7 1256-136 ủ base uppercase \x1EA2 \x1EA3 Ả ả base uppercase \x1EC8 \x1EC9 Ỉ ỉ base uppercase \x1EE6 \x1EE7 Ủ ủ sign \x0309 1256 Combining hook above noback correct [$l]"̉" "̉"* # Ugaritic Glottal Vowels lowercase \xA7BB 1256-1 ꞻ lowercase \xA7BD 1256-24 ꞽ lowercase \xA7BF 1256-136 ꞿ base uppercase \xA7BA \xA7BB Ꞻ ꞻ base uppercase \xA7BC \xA7BD Ꞽ ꞽ base uppercase \xA7BE \xA7BF Ꞿ ꞿ # Left half ring and Voiced pharyngeal fricatives letter \x02BF 56-35 ʿ noback letter \x02E4 56-35 ˤ noback letter \x02C1 56-35 ˁ # acute accent lowercase \x00e1 23-1 á lowercase \x0107 23-14 ć lowercase \x00e9 23-15 é lowercase \x01f5 23-1245 ǵ lowercase \x00ed 23-24 í lowercase \x1e31 23-13 ḱ lowercase \x013a 23-123 ĺ lowercase \x1e3f 23-134 ḿ lowercase \x0144 23-1345 ń lowercase \x00f3 23-135 ó lowercase \x1e55 23-1234 ṕ lowercase \x0155 23-1235 ŕ lowercase \x015b 23-234 ś lowercase \x00fa 23-136 ú lowercase \x1e83 23-2456 ẃ lowercase \x00fd 23-13456 ý lowercase \x017a 23-1356 ź sign \x0301 23 ́ noback correct [$l]"́" "́"* noback pass2 @23-46 @46-23 move after capital sign # grave accent lowercase \x00e0 25-1 à lowercase \x00e8 25-15 è lowercase \x00ec 25-24 ì lowercase \x01f9 25-1345 ǹ lowercase \x00f2 25-135 ò lowercase \x00f9 25-136 ù lowercase \x1e81 25-2456 ẁ lowercase \x1ef3 25-13456 ỳ sign \x0060 25 ` sign \x0300 25 ̀̀ noback correct [$l]"̀" "̀"* noback pass2 @25-46 @46-25 move after capital sign # breve lowercase \x0103 12356-1 ă lowercase \x0115 12356-15 ĕ lowercase \x011f 12356-1245 ğ lowercase \x012d 12356-24 ĭ lowercase \x014f 12356-135 ŏ lowercase \x016d 12356-136 ŭ sign \x02d8 12356 ˘ sign \x0306 12356 ̆ noback correct [$l]"̆" "̆"* noback pass2 @12356-46 @46-12356 move after capital sign # macron lowercase \x0101 45-1 ā lowercase \x0113 45-15 ē lowercase \x1e21 45-1245 ḡ lowercase \x012b 45-24 ī lowercase \x014d 45-135 ō lowercase \x016b 45-136 ū lowercase \x0233 45-13456 ȳ sign \x00af 45 ¯ sign \x0304 45 ̄ noback correct [$l]"̄" "̄"* noback pass2 @45-46 @46-45 move after capital sign # circumflex lowercase \x00e2 56-1 â lowercase \x0109 56-14 ĉ lowercase \x00ea 56-15 ê lowercase \x011d 56-1245 ĝ lowercase \x0125 56-125 ĥ lowercase \x00ee 56-24 î lowercase \x0135 56-245 ĵ lowercase \x00f4 56-135 ô lowercase \x00fb 56-136 û lowercase \x0175 56-2456 ŵ lowercase \x0177 56-13456 ŷ lowercase \x1e91 56-1356 ẑ sign \x005e 4-26 ^ sign \x0302 56 ̂ noback correct [$l]"̂" "̂"* noback pass2 @56-46 @46-56 move after capital sign # Dot below lowercase \x1EA1 5-1 ạ lowercase \x1E05 5-12 ḅ lowercase \x1E0D 5-145 ḍ lowercase \x1EB9 5-15 ẹ lowercase \x1E25 5-125 ḥ lowercase \x1ECB 5-24 ị lowercase \x1E33 5-13 ḳ lowercase \x1E37 5-123 ḷ lowercase \x1E43 5-134 ṃ lowercase \x1E47 5-1345 ṇ lowercase \x1ECD 5-135 ọ lowercase \x1E5B 5-1235 ṛ lowercase \x1E63 5-234 ṣ lowercase \x1E6D 5-2345 ṭ lowercase \x1EE5 5-136 ụ lowercase \x1E7F 5-1234 ṿ lowercase \x1E89 5-2456 ẉ lowercase \x1E93 5-1356 ẓ sign \x0323 5 Combining dot below noback correct [$l]"̣" "̣"* noback pass2 @5-46 @46-5 move after capital sign # Line below (Macron below) lowercase \x1E07 456-12 ḇ lowercase \x1E0F 456-145 ḏ lowercase \x1E96 456-125 ẖ lowercase \x1E35 456-13 ḵ lowercase \x1E3B 456-123 ḻ lowercase \x1E49 456-1345 ṉ lowercase \x1E5F 456-1235 ṟ lowercase \x1E6F 456-2345 ṯ lowercase \x1E95 456-1356 ẕ base uppercase \x1E06 \x1E07 Ḇ ḇ base uppercase \x1E0E \x1E0F Ḏ ḏ base uppercase \x1E34 \x1E35 Ḵ ḵ base uppercase \x1E3A \x1E3B Ḻ ḻ base uppercase \x1E48 \x1E49 Ṉ ṉ base uppercase \x1E5E \x1E5F Ṟ ṟ base uppercase \x1E6E \x1E6F Ṯ ṯ base uppercase \x1E94 \x1E95 Ẕ ẕ sign \x0331 456 combining macron below ̱ noback correct [$l]"̱" "̱"* sign \x0332 456 combining low line noback correct [$l]"̲" "̲"* noback pass2 @456-46 @46-456 move after capital sign # caron lowercase \x0161 146 š always \x030c\x0073 146 lowercase \x01ce 2356-1 ǎ lowercase \x010d 2356-14 č lowercase \x010f 2356-145 ď lowercase \x011b 2356-15 ě lowercase \x01e7 2356-1245 ǧ lowercase \x01d0 2356-24 ǐ lowercase \x01f0 2356-245 ǰ lowercase \x01e9 2356-13 ǩ lowercase \x013e 2356-123 ľ lowercase \x0148 2356-1345 ň lowercase \x01d2 2356-135 ǒ lowercase \x0159 2356-1235 ř lowercase \x0165 2356-2345 ť lowercase \x01d4 2356-136 ǔ lowercase \x017e 2356-1356 ž sign \x02c7 2356 ˇ sign \x030c 2356 ̌ noback correct [$l]"̌" "̌"* noback pass2 @2356-46 @46-2356 move after capital sign # Breve below lowercase \x1E2B 2356-125 ḫ base uppercase \x1E2A \x1E2B Ḫḫ # Dot above lowercase \x0121 4-1245 ġ base uppercase \x0120 \x0121 Ġ ġ sign \x0307 4 noback correct [$l]"̇" "̇"* # Other characters lowercase \x0142 4-16-123 ł lowercase \x00f8 4-16-135 Øø lowercase \x014b 45-1345 ŋ lowercase \x0259 3 ə schwa e must be before \x018e and \x04d8 lowercase \x01dd 3 ǝ turned e # Numeric Symbols digit 0 356 digit 1 2 digit 2 23 digit 3 25 digit 4 256 digit 5 26 digit 6 235 digit 7 2356 digit 8 236 digit 9 35 litdigit 0 245 litdigit 1 1 litdigit 2 12 litdigit 3 14 litdigit 4 145 litdigit 5 15 litdigit 6 124 litdigit 7 1245 litdigit 8 125 litdigit 9 24 noback digit \x2080 245 ₀ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2081 1 ₁ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2082 12 ₂ )SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2083 14 ₃ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2084 145 ₄ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2085 15 ₅ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2086 124 ₆ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2087 1245 ₇ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2088 125 ₈ (SUBSCRIPT) noback digit \x2089 24 ₉ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2080 245 ₀ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2081 1 ₁ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2082 12 ₂ )SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2083 14 ₃ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2084 145 ₄ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2085 15 ₅ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2086 124 ₆ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2087 1245 ₇ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2088 125 ₈ (SUBSCRIPT) noback litdigit \x2089 24 ₉ (SUBSCRIPT) ## Punctuation # Parentheses and Brackets punctuation ( 5-126 nofor prepunc ( 5-126 punctuation ) 5-345 postpunc ) 5-345 punctuation [ 46-126 nofor prepunc [ 46-126 punctuation ] 46-345 nofor postpunc ] 46-345 punctuation \x2e22 4-126 ⸢ top left half bracket nofor prepunc \x2e22 4-126 ⸢ top left half bracket punctuation \x2e23 4-345 ⸣ top right half bracket nofor postpunc \x2e23 4-345 ⸣ top right half bracket punctuation \x2e24 6-126 ⸤ bottom left half bracket nofor prepunc \x2e24 6-126 ⸤ bottom left half bracket punctuation \x2e25 6-345 ⸥ bottom right half bracket nofor postpunc \x2e25 6-345 ⸥ bottom right half bracket punctuation \x2308 4-126 ⌈ nofor prepunc \x2308 4-126 ⌈ punctuation \x2309 4-345 ⌉ nofor postpunc \x2309 4-345 ⌉ punctuation \x230a 6-126 ⌊ nofor prepunc \x230a 6-126 ⌊ punctuation \x230b 6-345 ⌋ nofor postpunc \x230b 6-345 ⌋ # Included character definitions include en-ueb-chardefs.uti